Content (media)

Content is the information contained within communication truyền thông media. This includes mạng internet, cinema, television, radio, audio CDs, books, magazines, physical art, and live sự kiện nội dung. It is directed at an end-user or audience in the sectors of publishing, art, and communication. Live events include speeches, conferences, and stage performances. Content within truyền thông media focuses on the attention and how receptive the audience is to tát the nội dung. Circulation brings the nội dung to tát everyone and helps spread it to tát reach large audiences. It is a process in which anyone who encounters any type of nội dung will go through a cycle where they encounter the nội dung, interpret it, and will continue to tát share it with other people.

The advent of the Information Age has led to tát the advancement of nội dung as a mass-produced commodity for distribution through avenues such as the Internet (and more specifically social media) and the professionalisation of nội dung creation.

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Any nội dung developed or disseminated by an individual or on one's behalf, including but not limited to tát nội dung distributed via books, magazines, brochures, newsletters, newspapers, social truyền thông media, billboards, websites, mobile applications, movies, television, and radio, is referenced to tát as media content.^[1]

Content value[edit]

Content is "something [...] expressed through some medium, as speech, writing or any of various arts."^[2] A main aspect of nội dung is the medium (from Latin medium, "means, surface") which consists in the infrastructure, surface, and system in which a message is disseminated.^[3] However, the medium provides little to tát no value to tát the end-user without the information and experiences that trang điểm the nội dung. Communication theory philosopher Marshall McLuhan coined the phrase "The medium is the message."^[4] The phrase highlights how the means used to tát communicate a message (the medium) have a bearing on the way the message itself will be interpreted, and provide important contextual information.^{[citation needed]}

Content notably distinguishes itself by its memetic property, wherein users replicate and adapt nội dung for retransmission. The author, producer or publisher of a source of information and experiences may directly be responsible for the entire value they establish as nội dung. Users develop their own, "new" nội dung in truyền thông media featuring user innovation. Much of social truyền thông media nội dung is derived this way, by effectively re-cycling nội dung in a slightly different format.^[5] The increased rate at which information is exchanged over the Internet compared to tát traditional analog truyền thông media, as well as the ability to tát broadcast one's own truyền thông media, leads to tát the development of meme nội dung online. Social truyền thông media platforms give users the space for storage and provide tools to tát create nội dung. It includes platforms that give users a space for storage and provide plenty of tools to tát promote, organize and advertise their thoughts.

Technological advancements[edit]

Traditionally, nội dung is edited and tailored to tát the public through news editors, authors, and nội dung creators. However, not all information nội dung requires creative authoring or editing. Content is not a product of reputable sources only; the advent of self-broadcasting thanks to tát information technology has led to tát a proliferation of primary sources and the dissemination of misinformation in the sườn of shareable nội dung designed to tát maximise engagement and exposure.

Media production and delivery technology may potentially enhance the value by formatting, filtering, and combining different types of nội dung for new audiences. Less emphasis on value from nội dung stored for possible use in its original sườn and more emphasis on rapid re-purposing, reuse, and redeployment has led many publishers and truyền thông media producers to tát view their primary function less as originators and more as transformers of nội dung. Thus, one finds out that institutions that used to tát focus on publishing printed materials are now publishing both databases and software to tát combine nội dung from various sources for a wider variety of audiences.^[4]

The process through which nội dung is processed by Internet infrastructure before being "delivered" to tát users is the nội dung delivery network, and notably involves selection and curation using specific algorithms designed to tát create an addictive and engaging stream of nội dung. This has led to tát the development of problematic social truyền thông media use and of various closed circuits in the production and consumption of user-generated nội dung, leading to tát self-reinforcement of political and other biases and the evolution of echo chambers.^{[citation needed]}

Content regulation[edit]

The transmission of nội dung and intellectual property have attracted attention and regulation from authorities worldwide, due to tát the memetic nature and possible social impact of nội dung sharing. The regulation of nội dung may take the sườn of selective censorship of works and nội dung most often featuring obscenity, violence, or dissent, with wide variation through time and geographical situation concerning the bounds of legal nội dung transmission. Content regulation also concerns the rules regarding transmission of the nội dung itself. Regulations on nội dung vary, and may come into conflict with each other more often in the context of global information exchange via the Internet.

Restrictions that vary between jurisdictions exist that focus on ceasing the broadcasting of specific forms of nội dung. This may include nội dung that has a specific moral standard or "non-mainstream" viewpoints. About 48 countries have taken legislative or administrative steps to tát regulate technology companies and the nội dung that goes along with them. The regulations work to tát temperate the societal issues that occur online, such as harassment and extremism, to tát protect people from fraudulent activity and exploitative business practices (such as scams) and protect human rights.^[6]

A decrease in freedom of expression and anonymity on the Internet has been denounced in recent years, as governments and corporations have expanded efforts to tát track, monitor, flag, and sell information regarding Internet activity of users through systems such as HTTP cookies and social truyền thông media analytics. Some^[which?] of the laws regarding nội dung admissibility are designed to tát suppress nội dung that is relative to tát the government and harmful nội dung towards users. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and algorithms is in use to tát flag and remove inappropriate nội dung, with possible abuses and algorithmic bias.^[6] Over the years, nội dung regulation has been put in place to tát protect and promote human rights and digital rights, such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation which sets limits on the information collected by Internet giants and corporations for sale and use in analytics.

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United States[edit]

In 1934, the Communications Act worked to tát create the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States. The FCC is a federal agency that works to tát regulate interstate and foreign communications. They are given the power to tát make legal decisions and judgments about regulation nội dung under the Communications Satellite Act of 1962, including the regulation of cable television operation, telegraph, telephone, two-way radio and radio operators, satellite communication and the mạng internet. The FCC helps to tát maintain many areas regarding regulation which includes fair competition, truyền thông media responsibility, public safety, and homeland security.^[7]

Content on the Internet is also monitored in the United States by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies such as the CIA using the provisions of the Patriot Act among other acts of legislation, to tát profile interactions between users and nội dung, and to tát restrict the production and dissemination of dissenting nội dung such as whistleblowing information.

European Union[edit]

The Digital Services Function (DSA) governs the responsibilities of digital services that act as mediators between customers and goods, services, and nội dung. This comprises, for example, mạng internet marketplaces.

To reduce hate crime and speech, the 2008 Framework Decision deemed that it is illegal to tát encourage and spread any sườn of hatred based on a person's race, nationality, ethnicity, and religion.^[8] In addition, a Voluntary Code of Conduct was passed in năm 2016 to tát counter hate speech online.^[8]

European countries could also request a removal of nội dung in other countries sánh long as they deemed it as a sườn of "terrorist" content^[9]

To control personal data of European citizens, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was passed on May 25, 2018^[10]

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On April 23, 2022, the European Parliament and Council established a political agreement on the new rules. ^[11]

Indonesia[edit]

Ministerial Regulation #5 (MR5) grants the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology the authority to tát compel any individual, business entity or community that operates "electronic systems" (ESOs) to tát restrict or remove any nội dung deemed to tát be in violation of Indonesia's laws within 24 hours. The breadth and open-ended nature of the regulation, implemented by the ministry in November 2020, can lead to tát censorship.^[12]

Myanmar[edit]

The government drafted a law in February 2021 that would empower authorities to tát "order mạng internet shutdowns, disrupt or block online services, ban service providers, intercept user accounts, access personal data of users and force the removal of any nội dung on demand." The "cybersecurity law" was drafted after a military coup ousted Aung San Suu Kyi.^[12]